A inteligibilidade da palavra em igrejas católicas, através de análises de carácter objectivo e subjectivo
Lencastre, Margarida Maria Mendes de Freitas de Queiroz e
1988-01-01
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America Online (AOL) is the largest, and in some aspects dominant, firm in the aggregation and distribution of content and services over the Internet. AOL is also the largest provider of Internet access in the U.S. Overall, it is the most successful firm in the business of online services, or the joint provision of Internet access and content and service distribution. This is a business that AOL essentially invented, and no other firm has been able to compete effectively with AOL. Time-Warner (including its Road Runner subsidiary) is one of the most important present and future competitors in this business because it is the number two aggregator and distributor via high-speed (broadband) Internet connections, the next generation of Internet access. This merger thus combines AOL and one of its most significant competitors in online serv...
The technology is nearly available to offer remarkably powerful new communications services: multiple streams, from multiple users, composed of different applications that require different qualities of service (QoS), all travelling over a single interconnected physical infrastructure. Society will benefit from integrated applications (video conferencing with interactive demos and shared whiteboards; computer-integrated telephony, etc.). However, we are a long way from from free, broadband, "anytime, anywhere" integrated services networks. Allocation of scarce resources in a multiple quality of service network may be the single greatest barrier to communications anytime, anywhere. In this paper I present a fairly general model of the problem, and, after showing that a decentralized open market will fail, I propose a "smart market" mech...
The Federal Circuit's decision in CSU v. Xerox1 has generated enormous controversy. However, there seems to be emerging agreement among both critics and supporters of the decision on a correct, narrow reading of the decision. Whatever else the decision stands for, it appears to declare antitrust immunity for unilateral refusals to sell or license patented or copyrighted intellectual property (IP).
What was at stake in Xerox is whether a firm with a legitimate property right in the design of certain parts has the right to condition sale of those parts with terms that enable Xerox to obtain a monopoly in a different market, for service labor. More broadly, what is at stake is a safe harbor for conduct that previously has been found illegal. For, although much emphasis is placed on whether this was a unilateral refusal to deal (as op...
Course provides a strong grounding in the economics of information goods and services. Students analyze strategic issues faced by for-profit and not-for-profit organizations: pricing, bundling, versioning, product differentiation and variety, network externalities, and rights management.
Course prepares you to advise clients or your own organization on the design of contracts and screening policies when one of the parties has an information advantage over the other. For example, students study the design of patent licenses (the licensor knows more about the market), the design of social systems to reduce spam (the spam sender knows more about the content before the recipient decides whether to read), and the design of performance contracts for professional services (e.g., consultants, contract programmers, etc., when the contractor knows more than the employer about her level of effort). This course follows SI 646.
There are well-known circumstances under which unilateral refusals to license will cause harm to competition, that is, will lower consumer welfare. However, when the strategy is profitable, refusals to license also increase the returns to intellectual property, and thus limitations on them will reduce the incentives for firms to invest in innovation. The optimal balance between innovation incentives and protection against static monopoly harm is not knowable to any reasonable degree of precision. Economists may be able to identify some special cases in which the desired rule is unambiguously knowable, but these cases will be few.
Given a policy or legal rule, economists can help interpret and apply the rule. Analysis of recent legal statements on the treatment of refusals to license shows that some of the current confusion and frustra...
